Explained Synchronizer and its types in VLSI

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Modern VLSI designs have very complex architectures and multiple clock sources. Multiple clock domains interact within the chip. Also, there are interfaces that connect the chip to the outside world. If these different clock domains are not properly synchronized, metastability events are bound to happen and may result in chip failure. Synchronizers come to rescue to avoid fatal effects of metastability arising due to signals crossing clock domain boundaries and are must where two clock domains interact. Understanding metasbility and correct design of synchronizers to prevent metastability happen is an art. For systems with only one clock domain, synchronizers are required only when reading an asynchronous signal.