What is a nuclear fusion?

What if we could create energy the same way the Sun does — clean, limitless, and almost free of pollution?

That’s the promise of nuclear fusion — the process where two light atomic nuclei fuse together to form a heavier nucleus, releasing enormous amounts of energy in the process.

Unlike nuclear fission (used in today’s reactors), fusion doesn’t produce long-lasting radioactive waste.
And there’s no risk of meltdown.
It uses hydrogen — one of the most abundant elements in the universe — making it a potential game-changer for the planet’s energy needs.

Scientists have been chasing fusion for decades.
Projects like ITER in France are working to create a stable fusion reaction that can generate more energy than it consumes — the holy grail of clean energy.

In 2022, researchers in the US even achieved a breakthrough: a net energy gain in a fusion reaction for the first time.
It was small, but historic.

If successful, fusion could solve climate change, energy poverty, and reshape global geopolitics by reducing dependence on fossil fuels.

For UPSC aspirants, nuclear fusion connects with key topics in science & tech, energy security, climate policy, and international cooperation.

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