Programming paradigms are fundamental approaches to designing and structuring computer programs. Here's a brief overview of four major programming paradigms:
1. Imperative Paradigm:
In the imperative paradigm, programs are written as a series of statements that change a program's state.
Programs in this paradigm are typically composed of instructions that specify "how" to achieve a desired result.
Example languages: C, Pascal, and Assembly.
2. Procedural Paradigm:
The procedural paradigm is an extension of the imperative paradigm where code is organized into procedures (also known as functions or subroutines).
It emphasizes structuring code by defining reusable procedures that can be called to perform specific tasks.
Example languages: C, Fortran, and Ada.
3. Object-Oriented Paradigm:
In the object-oriented paradigm, programs are structured around objects, which are instances of classes.
Objects encapsulate data and behavior, allowing for modeling real-world entities.
Key principles include encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.
Example languages: Java, C++, and Python.
4. Declarative Paradigm:
The declarative paradigm focuses on describing "what" should be done rather than "how" to do it.
Programs are expressed as a set of facts, rules, and constraints.
Declarative languages are often used for tasks like database querying, logic programming, and rule-based systems.
Example languages: SQL, Prolog, and Haskell.
Each of these paradigms offers a different approach to problem-solving and program design, and the choice of paradigm depends on the nature of the problem, programming goals, and personal preference. Modern programming often involves combining elements from different paradigms to achieve the best results.
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Books for IGNOU BCS-031 C++ Programming: https://amzn.to/3FGbCT3
Books for MCS-024 IGNOU Java Programming: https://amzn.to/3u1pIfq
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